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BACKGROUND: We assessed (a) the effects of postpartum depression (PPD) trajectories until 6 months postpartum on infants' socioemotional development (SED) at age 12 months, and (b) the mediating role of maternal self-efficacy (MSE), and the additional effect of postpartum anxiety at age 12 months. METHODS: We used data from POST-UP trial (n = 1843). PPD was assessed using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) at 1, 3, and 6 months. Infants' SED was assessed at 12 months using the Ages and Stages Questionnaire-Social-Emotional (ASQ-SE). Structural equations were applied to estimate the effect of PPD trajectories on infants' SED and mediation by MSE. The additional effects of postpartum anxiety were assessed with conditional regression. RESULTS: Higher levels of PPD over time were associated with a lower SED (coefficient for log-EPDS 3.5, 95% confidence interval 2.8; 4.2, e.g., an increase in the EPDS score from 9 to 13 worsens the ASQ-SE by 1.3 points). About half of this relationship was mediated by MSE. Postpartum anxiety had an independent adverse effect on SED. CONCLUSIONS: PPD and postpartum anxiety have a negative impact on infants' SED. MSE as a mediator may be a potential target for preventive interventions to alleviate the negative effects of maternal psychopathology on infants' SED. IMPACT: The trajectories of postpartum depression (PPD) from 1 month to 6 months were negatively related to infants' socioemotional development (SED) at age 12 months, underlining the importance of repeated assessment of PPD. Maternal self-efficacy (MSE) mediated the association between PPD and SED, implying MSE could be a potential target for preventive interventions. An additional independent negative effect of postpartum anxiety was identified, implying the assessment of postpartum anxiety also has a surplus value to identify mothers at risk.
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Background: Oral diseases have a strong history of treating by natural remedies. Chemical plaque reduction techniques, including dental mouthwashes, are intriguing because they can help patients who are unable to maintain appropriate mechanical plaque management. They are a less technically difficult alternative to mechanical control. Aim: This study aimed to compare the antibacterial efficacy of an herbal and 0.2% chlorhexidine gluconate mouthrinse against Enterococcus faecalis. Methodology: The antimicrobial effectiveness (zone of inhibition) of an herbal mouthrinse and chlorhexidine mouthrinse was determined by agar well diffusion method. Results: The zone of inhibition for control mouthrinse was 19 mm, and there was no zone of inhibition observed for the experimental mouthrinse. Conclusion: The result of this investigation suggests 0.2% chlorhexidine gluconate has a better antimicrobial activity than herbal mouthrinse.
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OBJECTIVE: In response to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, the Indian Government imposed a countrywide lockdown of 21 days from March 25 to April 14, 2020, which was further extended to 60 days. The sudden draconian measures changed the delivery of dental education and practice throughout the country. The study aimed to screen for depression during the COVID-19 lockdown and the factors associated with it among dental students and practitioners in highly COVID-19 infected states of India. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The current study is an online cross-sectional survey performed in Delhi NCR, Maharashtra, and Tamil Nadu during May 2020. The participants were recruited by convenience sampling. The main outcome measure was the screening of depression using the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), which was categorized as mild, moderate, and severe depression. The data analysis was performed with IBM SPSS Version 23.0. A multivariable logistic regression model was fitted to identify the independent predictors of depression. RESULTS: In total, 335 dental students and practitioners participated in the survey. Among this, a significant number of the dental students (54%) and practitioners (44%) scored moderate to severe depression in terms of depression severity according to the PHQ-9 scores. Those who were screened depressed were likely to be males and younger than 30 years old. The results of correlation analysis indicated that worry about the professional growth, concerns regarding setbacks in clinical and research experiences, previous history of mental health issues, and fear of contracting COVID-19 from patients were positively related to higher depression scores in students. Moreover, for practitioners, fear of contracting COVID-19 from the patients scored higher levels of depression. The practitioners who reported less concern about their practice/job post COVID-19 lockdown and those who were able to meet their financial expenses during the lockdown were the least likely to be depressed. CONCLUSION: The results of this study indicate a high level of depression among a significant number of dental students and practitioners. It is important to monitor and address the mental health needs of dental students and practitioners during and after the lockdown.
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Elderly with dementia or cognitive impairment are at increased risk of poor oral health. Oral health education programs targeting carers may be an effective strategy to improve oral hygiene. The aim of this review was to assess the effectiveness of oral health education programs for carers on the oral hygiene of elderly with dementia. A literature search was performed to identify studies published in five electronic databases (PubMed, MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, and PsycINFO), without time and language restrictions. Two independent coders extracted data and assessed the risk of bias for each included study. Of the 243 studies, only four studies met the inclusion criteria. All four studies reported a significant improvement for some oral health measures in dementia elderly following a carer oral health education program. The included studies did not report any other relevant outcomes of interest for this review. This review identifies limited evidence for a carer oral health education as an efficient means to improve oral health in dementia elderly. The review also clearly highlights the need for well-designed, high-quality studies with more relevant outcome measures to better address this knowledge gap.
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BACKGROUND: A carious lesion is the accumulation of numerous episodes of demineralization and remineralization, rather than a unidirectional demineralization process. Tooth destruction can be arrested or reversed by the frequent delivery of fluoride or calcium/phosphorous ions to the tooth surface. Nanohydroxyapatite particle-containing dentifrices are the newer generation of products which claim to remineralize enamel lesions effectively. The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the remineralization ability of dentifrices containing nanohydroxyapatite, NovaMin, and amine fluoride on artificial enamel caries. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this in vitro study, extracted sound premolars were placed in a demineralizing solution to produce deep artificial carious lesions. The teeth were then sectioned longitudinally and divided into three groups (n = 16 in each group): Group A (nanohydroxyapatite), Group B (NovaMin), and Group C (fluoride). The sections were then subjected to pH cycling for 7 days. Polarized light microscopy was utilized to record the depth of the lesions before and after treatment with the selected dentifrices. Changes in the mean lesion depth were statistically analyzed by one-way ANOVA and t-test. The level of significance was assessed at P < 0.05. RESULTS: The lesion depth decreased significantly by 10.56% in Group A, 6.73% in Group B, and 9.58% in Group C (paired t-test, P < 0.001). When comparisons were made across the groups, no statistical significance was found between the Groups A, B, and C (ANOVA test, P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: All three dentifrices were found to be effective in remineralizing artificial carious lesions. Nanohydroxyapatite dentifrice produced significantly better results compared to fluoride- and NovaMin-containing dentifrices, instigating for its use in the management of early carious lesions.
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BACKGROUND: The field of sports in India has its renowned importance. Oral health is mirror to general health. Thus, oral assessment to sports players by a dentist is important. The commonly faced oral health problems among sports players are oral and facial trauma, leading to fracture of facial bones and teeth. Hence, it compromises the function of chewing, loss of muscle balance, and temporomandibular joint problems. The mean of facial trauma experienced by sports players in Mysuru and Chennai was 21% and 17%, respectively. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to assess the oral health status among sports university students in India. Clinical examination was conducted using the World Health Organization's oral health pro forma in 2013. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted among sports university students, Melakottaiyur, Chennai. RESULTS: A total of 94 athletes comprising 64 (68%) males and 30 (32%) females in the age group of 18-30 years, with a mean age of 24 ± 5.04 years, were included. The mean decayed, missing, filled (Teeth) value was 2.23 ± 3.01 and 1.87 ± 2.62 for male and female, respectively. Around 64% of sports persons are affected with gingival inflammation, 36% with periodontal condition, and 15% with dental fluorosis. CONCLUSION: This study concludes that sports persons have poor gingival, dental caries, and periodontal status.
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AIM: Silver diamine fluoride (SDF) has invoked interest in recent times due to its remineralization capacity and non-invasive application procedure. The aim of this systematic review was to report the findings concerning the effectiveness of SDF in managing caries in the elderly adults. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A systematic search of publications was conducted using four databases: PubMed, MEDLINE, Embase, and CENTRAL. The key MeSH term combinations used were (silver diamine fluoride) AND (caries) AND (elderly). RESULTS: The review found only three well-conducted randomized controlled trials evaluating the effectiveness of SDF on root caries in community-dwelling elders. None of the studies addressed coronal caries. The effectiveness improved when combined with structured oral health education. CONCLUSION: The available limited evidence on SDF shows that it is effective in arresting and preventing root caries in the elderly. More high-quality studies need to be done to verify the effectiveness on coronal caries and long-term effects of SDF in the elderly with varying levels of dependency.
